蒙古煤礦有鈾成份。
煤塵中的放射性引發電離，令水汽聚集粉塵不散。
屌,,簡單d講
煤炭有鈾,比班無知強國人拎左去燒,燒出黎既煙有放射性塵粒 咁咪得
中國煤炭工業的崩潰和核霧染災難
馬可安 物理博士
冥冥之中， 一場空前的生存災難正在中華大地悄悄上演，這場災難影響的講不僅僅是我們這一代和未來几代，而是未來的千秋萬代。因此必須大聲疾呼，引起公眾廣泛注意，促 使官方立刻釆取措施，終止這場災難的繼續！須知，強敵入侵或者自然災害，只能夠禍害一代人，死亡若干百萬人口，災難過后迅疾恢復。而我看到的這場災難，直 接危及的是這塊土地以及在這塊土地上的人的根本生存，這場災難只有進行時，永遠沒有過去時。要終止它，現在就必須釆取行動。
這場災難和三樣眾所周知的東西和一樣鮮為人知的事實有關系。三樣眾所周知的事情是中國北方的煤炭資源，中國內蒙新發現的世 界第一大鈾礦資源，以及華北日益嚴重的空氣霧霾污染。但它們之間的聯系也許和你想象的大不一樣。而一件鮮為人知的事實是不知從何時起，騰訊微博和其他互聯 網上，核霧染三個字（霧=污）被列為無法搜索的禁詞。中國的污染嚴重，包括水污染，空氣污染，土壤污染，食品污染等等。這些詞都可以搜。中國有核霧染？可 能你聞所未聞。為什么這個詞列為禁詞，究竟發生了什么？我的第一個反應是，是不是哪里的核反應堆或者核電站出了什么問題？外媒對此沒有任何報道，如果核設 施出了問題，肯定是瞞不住的。因此可以排除這個可能，那么為什么這三個字變成禁詞呢？這令人百思不得其解。我在這里提供答案。
但是先說說煤炭。我曾撰文指出，煤炭資源極為有限。地球上的煤炭資源來自遠古植物。植物吸收二氧化碳，放出氧氣。大氣層里 的氧氣量可以精確估算出來。據此可以估計地球上有機物的數量和各種化石燃料的蘊藏量。根據科學推算，中國原有的可釆煤炭資源量，不會超過一千億噸。現已開 釆過半，2012年當屬中國的煤炭峰值年，每年開釆近四十億噸，絕不可持續。再有十几年，本國資煤炭源消耗殆盡。一旦世界石油資源枯竭，本國煤炭資源也告 罄，沒有了能源供給，中國十几億人口，何以生存？這是一場空前的生存災難。但中國的生存災難還遠遠不限於資源枯竭，因為中國的土地也在面臨一場空前的浩 劫。
繼續敘說煤炭。中國煤炭工業是極殘酷的帶血的工業。煤礦工們有一種病，叫做煤塵病。你在煤礦井下挖煤，通風不良，空氣渾 濁，各種機械操作產生巨量的煤炭塵埃，你手上臉上身上全是煤塵。工作一天的煤礦工，一個個象從黑灰里撈出來，除了眼白和牙齒是白的，其余全是黑的，需要沐 浴更衣。可是皮膚上的粉塵可以洗得掉。呼吸進入肺部的煤塵是洗不掉的，也無法被身體排出，也不會腐爛掉，會永久停留在肺部。於是肺部組織就長出各種縴維試 圖包裹這些外來顆粒。時間長了以后，肺部全部變黑，長滿硬硬的縴維，失去彈性，尋常人輕而易舉的每一次呼吸，都變成非常艱難痛苦的掙扎。這就是煤塵病。煤 塵病無法治療，只能等死。這是個非常痛苦的緩慢死亡。病人的任何姿勢都不舒坦，只能跪著，最終以跪姿去世。這是一個發病率非常高職業病。在井下工作，你不 可能不呼吸，不可能不吸進煤塵。天天吸進煤塵不可能不得煤塵病，只是程度輕重而已。程度輕的沒有什么症狀，只是覺得會經常咳嗽。煤塵病在脫離礦工工作后， 會繼續發展惡化，肺部不斷長出新的縴維，直至最后肺部功能全部喪失。
要扼制高發的煤塵病，就必須改善通風除塵條件，使用大量的水噴灑壓制煤塵。但是中國煤炭基地多處於極度缺水的區域。水資源和煤炭開釆搆成尖銳的矛盾。沒有足夠的水壓制煤塵，再加上礦井越挖越深，通風條件愈加惡劣，更加劇大量煤塵病病例的產生。
煤塵病一年殺死多少人呢？據王克勤先生發起的大愛清塵公益組織保守估計，全中國至少有六百萬嚴重塵肺病病人，絕大多數是煤 礦工。如果其中有五百萬病人是煤塵病，發病后平均生存年限是五年，算下來一年死亡一百萬。也就是中國的煤炭工業一年奪去一百萬條人命。這是為開釆煤炭付出 的相當高昂的代價。即使是貧窮的地區，生命亦值得珍惜。無怪乎現在的煤老板願出一個月超過一萬元的基本薪水，也招不到足夠數量的煤礦工。廉價勞動力的枯 竭，而不僅僅是資源的枯竭，使中國煤炭業面臨崩潰的邊緣。
前面提到煤礦礦井越挖越深，這個問題非常嚴重。因為哇煤礦不是可以任意地挖深的。几年前中國北方煤礦的平均深度是450米。去年已經達到平均600米深，這個平均深度還在每年增長二三十米深。只要地底下更深處還有煤，我們是否可以無限制挖深呢？
煤礦是不可以無限制地挖深的。地底深處，因為上面地層的巨大重量，產生極大的壓強應力，極易引起洞穴塌方。地底下600米 深的土層內的壓強有三百個大氣壓那么高。也就是一平方釐米有三百公斤的壓力。沒有什么人工材料可以抵抗這么大的壓力，只能依賴坑道壁的土層自己承受這樣的 壓力而不崩塌。可是中國北方產煤的三個省區，山西，陝西，內蒙，屬於黃土高原。其土質為曆經几千萬年的風沙塵土積累而成。土質細松軟微。挖礦井不深的時候 非常容易挖，可是達到一定深度之后，松軟的土質就是一個非常頭痛的問題，因為它承受不了地層的巨大壓力，要坍塌。需要耗費非常高昂的支護材料和設施來維持 坑道不塌，可是挖煤的作業面還是暴露的，隨時會崩塌。因此，到一定的深度，即使地下還有煤，也只能望煤興嘆，無法深挖，夠不著了。這是中國煤炭業面臨崩潰 的又一個重要原因。
這個問題有多嚴重？看看關於山西煤炭釆空區的報道就知道了。山西全境面積15萬平方公里，有煤的地下有5萬平方公里。現在 地面隨時會坍塌的釆空區，就有2萬平方公里。釆空區地面會坍塌，說明地下大有問題。照理，即使地下的煤都已釆空了，釆煤時留下的地下坑道還在，其支護結搆 還在，因為不會有人冒險拆除這些支護結搆。那么只要地下的空坑道不坍塌，地面怎么會坍塌呢？如果地面坍塌，就說明地下的坑道已經支撐不了壓力，先坍塌了。 這也就說明釆煤礦井達到的深度已經接近物理極限，極易坍塌了。兩萬平方公里的釆空區，說明山西陝西離可釆煤炭資源的枯竭，實在不遠了。
現在該談到內蒙鄂爾多斯的煤礦資源，以及當局諱莫如深的三個噤若寒蟬的字眼，中國的核霧染。若干年前，因為偶然的原因，有 人發現北方一些熱電廠的周圍存在驚人的高輻射區域。其輻射量超過核電站周圍核輻射量的几百倍。一開始懷疑核材料失竊。追查的結果發現高輻射來自發電廠的燃 煤。進一步發現這些高輻射煤來自於內蒙煤礦。於是由此追蹤發現了世界第一大的內蒙大營區域超大型鈾礦。一舉摘掉了中國貧鈾國的帽子。這為發展中國的核武器 和核電工業奠定了優越的資源基礎。
不幸這件中國來自不易的國寶，尚未得到利用，已經被摧毀。內蒙鈾礦并非獨立礦。科學家研究其成礦機理，是和遠古煤炭一起形成的。是煤和鈾礦石混在一起，難以分開。更有許多鈾的成分滲透到煤之中。隨煤產出而運銷至各個煤炭消耗點。
這就引致兩個巨大問題。一個是鈾礦資源未經開釆，就因煤礦的無序開釆而被糟蹋了。第二是嚴重的核輻射污染隨煤炭的燃燒而播 撒到中國各大城市，造成無法收拾的環境破壞和生態危機。先講講第一個問題。該鈾礦品位極高，含鈾千分之二到百分之一。公開報道說估計可開釆的鈾金屬含量為 五十多萬噸。若按照千分之二的品位計算， 意味著鈾礦石的量為2.5億噸。
這個2.5億噸鈾礦石的數量看起來很大，實則并不大。內蒙煤礦這些年處於瘋狂的無序開釆狀態。年產量已經達到十億噸。相比 之下統共僅2.5億噸的鈾礦石數量，僅僅是每年挖出煤炭的一個零頭。假若挖出煤炭的一個零頭。假若挖煤的過程作為雜質攜帶了10%的鈾礦石，一年十億噸煤的產量就意味著有一億噸的 鈾礦石被糟蹋掉。那么僅需二到三年，大自然給我們的這份丰厚禮物，就糟蹋殆盡了。
更嚴重的是，鈾是放射性元素。一年一億噸鈾礦石被煤炭攜帶出來，里面就是二十萬噸的放射性鈾。而二十萬噸鈾經燃煤發電廠的燃燒，不但絲毫得不到利用，反而散發到城市各個角落，造成嚴重的環境生態核放射霧染。這是非常嚴重的貽害億萬年的生態災難。
一年二十萬噸放射性鈾以塵埃形式散射到環境中是什么概念呢？美國八年的伊拉克戰爭，據稱使用了大量的貧鈾穿甲武器。貧鈾也 就是天然鈾去掉少量高放射性的鈾235做核武器和核燃料后，剩下大量放射性較低的鈾238沒有什么大作用。因為它特別重，特別堅硬，因此用來做穿甲武器的 彈頭。美國在伊拉克戰場使用了不到一千噸的貧鈾武器。其中的大部分以大塊固體材料的形式殘留在戰場，危害上不大。其危害是這些殘留物的少部分因為雨水和風 化作用，變成粉塵之類物質擴散，這些放射性有毒有害粉塵嚴重危害環境。
根據上述描述，伊拉克戰場散失不到一千噸鈾238，其中僅不到几噸變成放射性粉塵顆粒危害環境。十來年各種國際環保組織不依不饒，做各種調查研究，認為這些殘余物嚴重危害了伊拉克兒童的生命健康，造成各種出生缺陷和癌症等等。可見放射性粉塵污染嚴重性。
回頭看看中國，令人不寒而栗。伊拉克戰場的區區几噸貧鈾放射性粉塵，竟造成如此危害。中國燃燒高輻射的內蒙煤炭，每年直接從煙囪放出几十萬噸的放射性鈾粉塵，廣泛散布在城市鄉村，其危害將有多嚴重！為什么核霧染三個字成為禁詞？有人想掩蓋什么災難呢？
鈾的放射性半衰期為几億年。放射性是無法用化學作用消除的。一旦造成核霧染，便是永久性的，億萬年永難消退。
中國核霧染問題有多嚴重，當局諱莫如深，難以知曉。但是有一個事實可以給我們提供一個線索。近年來，華北廣大地區發生了世界空前的霧霾現象。嚴重時蔓延几百萬平方公里。曆經一兩星期霧霾不散。這是一件非常奇怪的事情。這和內蒙煤炭的核輻射有關。
形成霧霾要有兩個條件，要有塵埃，要有水汽，但是有這兩個條件還不夠。中國空氣污染嚴重，PM2.5值經常爆表。但是這還 不足以搆成霧霾曆經數周不散的原因。通常情況下，霧乃早晨氣溫低於露點時，空氣中的水汽凝聚在粉塵顆粒上，形成微小的水珠而致。日出后，氣溫升高，粉塵上 的水隨之蒸發，霧也就消退了。因此，，終日不散的霧霾，世界上聞所未聞。
粉塵PM2.5值嚴重超標，不搆成霧霾終日不散的理由。我們見過塵土飛揚的建筑工地以及其他一些局部粉塵特別高的地方，可是也沒有見到整日霧蒙蒙的情形啊，那些飛揚的粉塵都是干的，沒有水汽附在上面，因為白日氣溫高於水汽的露點。
終日不散的霧霾，并非僅僅因為粉塵含量高。其中必另有原因，使得白日氣溫高時，水汽仍然附在粉塵上，蒸發不掉！但這怎么可能呢？
這在物理上是可能的。學過核物理的人都知道威爾遜云室。帶電的高能粒子從空氣中穿過，電離空氣分子。於是這些帶電的空氣分 子便吸附周圍的水汽，形成霧滴，霧滴的軌跡可以拍照下來，告訴我們高能粒子的運動軌跡。衕樣的物理原理能在几百萬平方公里的空間重現。終日不散的霧霾，說 明空氣中漂浮大量帶電的粉塵顆粒。
可是空氣中的粉塵通常是不帶電的，因為帶電的粉塵會互相吸引，形成大顆粒而沉澱下來。如果空氣中有大量帶電粉塵，說明有一 種機制在源源不斷給粉塵顆粒充電。這便是空氣和地面無處不在的放射性鈾粉塵。其放射性是可以電離大量的空氣分子和粉塵顆粒。形成威爾遜云室效應的。因此， 這就形成了終日經久不散的華北霧霾現象。這也就是為什么我使用核霧染這個字樣的原因之一，之二就不言而喻了。
如果我的物理解釋正確，中國的核霧染已經相當嚴重，危害千秋萬代了。必須馬上懸崖勒馬，嚴厲規范內蒙的煤炭生產，保護鈾礦 資源，嚴格清洗煤炭，不使煤炭攜帶放射性鈾污染環境。此事事關重大，關系中華這片土地的存亡，和千秋萬代的福祉。希望大家多多地傳播，力促當權者重視，展 開全面調查，讓百姓知情，釆取政策制止這場災難的繼續惡化，而不是一味隱瞞誤事。
http://m.scmp.com/news/china/article/1084999/coal-mines-near-uranium-deposits-spoiling-value-nuclear-fuel
Coal mines near uranium deposits spoiling value of nuclear fuel
Experts say many coal and uranium deposits are co-located and that extraction of the fossil fuel first is ruining the value of the nuclear fuel
PUBLISHED : Sunday, 18 November, 2012, 12:00am
UPDATED : Sunday, 18 November, 2012, 4:44am
Stephen Chen binglin.chen@scmp.com
原本就咁睇大陸人篇文，我就半信半疑
睇埋南華早報，我信了
![[shocking]](http://forum2.hkgolden.com/faces/shocking.gif)
睇埋下果段關於官方舉動，似乎真係好堅：
"The disparity has produced conflict between China’s coal and gas sectors, but there is little doubt who the authorities support. China Institute of Atomic Energy Professor Gu Zhongmao, a top adviser to China National Nuclear Corp. said that balancing the interests of the two different energy sectors was proving a headache for the central government while the CNNC's 821 Factory former head Song Xuebin, a facility that produces uranium fuel, has filed a complaint with the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference alleging that the coal mines were encroaching on the uranium deposits."
Coal mines near uranium deposits spoiling value of nuclear fuel
Experts say
many coal and uranium deposits are co-located and that extraction of the
fossil fuel first is ruining the value of the nuclear fuel
Huge newly discovered reserves of much-needed uranium are in danger of being destroyed amid a row over digging it up.
And as China's nuclear and coal sectors battle over the sites where the radioactive heavy metal lies buried, experts say the uranium is accidentally ending up in coal-fired power stations - creating radioactive ash that is falling on surrounding cities.
One Canadian firm that declined to be interviewed has built a plant near one coal-fired power station in Yunnan to collect the uranium from the ash.
With the world's largest number of nuclear power plants under construction, China is in desperate need of uranium ore to fuel them.
Currently, domestic supply is limited to some low-grade mines formed by ancient volcano eruptions in southern and central provinces such as Sichuan and Hunan. However, state geologists now believe there could be tens of thousands of tons of uranium in the basins of northern China.
The deposits in Ili in Xinjiang and Erdos in Inner Mongolia were described as "world-class" and "mega-sized" in recent reports by state media.
The problem is these rich veins of uranium are buried between thick belts of coal.
Song Xuebin, former head of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)'s 821 Factory that produces uranium fuel, has filed a complaint with the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
He alleged the coal mines were encroaching on the uranium deposits. "These basins contained oil, gas, coal and uranium," he wrote. "Due to its large scale and high speed of construction, coal mining will soon bring huge destruction to uranium resources. It will also cause the environment to suffer radioactive pollution."
Professor Gu Zhongmao, of the China Institute of Atomic Energy and a top adviser to CNNC, said that balancing the interests of the two different energy sectors was proving a headache for the central government.
In the mean time, the government has been importing as much uranium as possible from countries such as Kazakhstan and Australia, while apparently leaving the domestic deposits for future use.
"The problem is that if we leave those deposits there, they will soon be destroyed by coal mining," warned Gu. "It is not unlikely that the bulk of Chinese uranium reserves end up in the furnaces of coal-fired power plants instead of in nuclear reactors.
"When that happens, the enormous amount of radioactive ash becomes a threat to everyone's safety," he said.
The environmental hazards caused by radioactive ash has been kept quiet.
Yin Lianqing, environment professor at North China Electric Power University, said that he conducted some tests in a few cities to monitor the radiation levels in neighbourhoods near coal-fired power plants, and got alarming results.
"We have found some instances of very high exposure, hundreds of times higher than what you would expect near a nuclear power plant. I asked the cities' environmental protection authorities to take immediate measures to reduce residents' exposure, such as adding dust-removing devices to the power plants, but they demanded I keep my mouth shut, or I would be held responsible for causing social panic."
It was the presence of high levels of uranium in coal that led to the discovery of the rich seams of uranium. In 2003, the Ministry of Science and Technology funded a national research project led by professor Liu Chiyang of the Northwest University in Xian, Shaanxi, to solve the mystery.
The research was deemed crucial to China's national security, and accordingly many researchers involved in the project, including Liu, declined to be interviewed by the SCMP.
According to a 2006 paper published in the mainland academic journal Oil and Gas Geology, Liu's team confirmed that nearly all the uranium and coal deposits in north China had formed at the same time. The researchers came up with several theories to explain the co-location phenomenon.
And as China's nuclear and coal sectors battle over the sites where the radioactive heavy metal lies buried, experts say the uranium is accidentally ending up in coal-fired power stations - creating radioactive ash that is falling on surrounding cities.
One Canadian firm that declined to be interviewed has built a plant near one coal-fired power station in Yunnan to collect the uranium from the ash.
With the world's largest number of nuclear power plants under construction, China is in desperate need of uranium ore to fuel them.
Currently, domestic supply is limited to some low-grade mines formed by ancient volcano eruptions in southern and central provinces such as Sichuan and Hunan. However, state geologists now believe there could be tens of thousands of tons of uranium in the basins of northern China.
The deposits in Ili in Xinjiang and Erdos in Inner Mongolia were described as "world-class" and "mega-sized" in recent reports by state media.
The problem is these rich veins of uranium are buried between thick belts of coal.
Song Xuebin, former head of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)'s 821 Factory that produces uranium fuel, has filed a complaint with the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
He alleged the coal mines were encroaching on the uranium deposits. "These basins contained oil, gas, coal and uranium," he wrote. "Due to its large scale and high speed of construction, coal mining will soon bring huge destruction to uranium resources. It will also cause the environment to suffer radioactive pollution."
Professor Gu Zhongmao, of the China Institute of Atomic Energy and a top adviser to CNNC, said that balancing the interests of the two different energy sectors was proving a headache for the central government.
In the mean time, the government has been importing as much uranium as possible from countries such as Kazakhstan and Australia, while apparently leaving the domestic deposits for future use.
"The problem is that if we leave those deposits there, they will soon be destroyed by coal mining," warned Gu. "It is not unlikely that the bulk of Chinese uranium reserves end up in the furnaces of coal-fired power plants instead of in nuclear reactors.
"When that happens, the enormous amount of radioactive ash becomes a threat to everyone's safety," he said.
The environmental hazards caused by radioactive ash has been kept quiet.
Yin Lianqing, environment professor at North China Electric Power University, said that he conducted some tests in a few cities to monitor the radiation levels in neighbourhoods near coal-fired power plants, and got alarming results.
"We have found some instances of very high exposure, hundreds of times higher than what you would expect near a nuclear power plant. I asked the cities' environmental protection authorities to take immediate measures to reduce residents' exposure, such as adding dust-removing devices to the power plants, but they demanded I keep my mouth shut, or I would be held responsible for causing social panic."
It was the presence of high levels of uranium in coal that led to the discovery of the rich seams of uranium. In 2003, the Ministry of Science and Technology funded a national research project led by professor Liu Chiyang of the Northwest University in Xian, Shaanxi, to solve the mystery.
The research was deemed crucial to China's national security, and accordingly many researchers involved in the project, including Liu, declined to be interviewed by the SCMP.
According to a 2006 paper published in the mainland academic journal Oil and Gas Geology, Liu's team confirmed that nearly all the uranium and coal deposits in north China had formed at the same time. The researchers came up with several theories to explain the co-location phenomenon.
http://news.takungpao.com.hk/world/digest/2012-11/1275465.html
香港《南華早報》11月18日文章，原題：鈾礦附近的煤礦正在破壞核燃料的價值
由於中國的核能部門和煤炭部門都在爭奪儲藏這種放射性重金屬的地區，專家說，鈾最終會在不經意中被在熱電廠燃燒，製造出含有放射性物質的灰燼飄落到周邊的城市。一家拒絕采訪的加拿大公司已在雲南的一家熱電廠附近建了一個工廠，從灰燼中提煉鈾。
由於中國在建核發電廠數量在全球最多，它迫切需要鈾礦石提供燃料。當前國內供應僅局限於南部和中部一些古代火山噴發形成的低質量鈾礦，比如四川和湖南。然而，中國地質學家如今認為，在中國北部地區的盆地中儲藏著成千上萬噸鈾。媒體在最近的報道中用“世界級”和“超大規模”來描述新疆伊犁和內蒙古鄂爾多斯的鈾礦。但問題是，這些豐富的鈾礦卻掩埋在厚重的煤礦帶之間。
中國核工業集團公司821廠的前負責人表示，（中國的）煤礦正在侵蝕鈾礦貯藏地。“這些盆地內儲藏有石油、天然氣、煤和鈾”，他寫道，“由於大規模和高速度的建設熱潮，煤礦開采將很快對鈾礦資源造成巨大破壞。它還將令環境遭受到放射性汙染的侵害。”
中國原子能科學研究院教授、核工業集團公司高級顧問顧忠茂表示，平衡這兩個不同能源部門之間的利益是令中央政府感到頭疼的事。與此同時，中國一直盡可能地從哈薩克斯坦和澳大利亞等國進口大量鈾，顯然是要將本國鈾礦留存下來以備未來之需。
“問題是，如果我們把這些礦藏留在那裏，它們將很快被煤礦開采破壞掉”，顧教授警告說，“極有可能的結果是，中國大量鈾礦的最終結局是在熱電廠的火爐而非核反應堆裏。當這種情況發生時，含有放射性物質的大量灰燼會對所有人的安全構成威脅。”
由放射性灰燼帶來的環境危險還處於不宣狀態。華北電力大學的尹連慶教授說，他在一些城市進行了實驗以監測熱電廠附近居民社區的放射水平，結果令人震驚，“我們發現了一些高汙染案例，比核發電廠附近還高出好幾百倍。”（作者斯蒂芬·陳，陳一譯）
